Heavy Truck – DISC/S-CAM V Air Brake
Overview: Computes and Simulates the deceleration of
S-CAM or Air Disc (Power Shaft or Eccentric Lever) equipped vehicles based on Initial
Speed or Distance and the setup and adjustments of the vehicles braking
system. This module compensates for the
heat created during the run. In
Enhanced ABS mode the instantaneous Chamber air pressure differential set by
the user is maintained throughout the course of the run. This advanced feature is only available in
REC-TEC Platinum.
The new
generation V module accommodates the use of a different surface friction on the
left and on the right side of the vehicle.
If both sides have the same friction value, it will do Finite Difference
Analysis based on the single friction value.
If the sides have different values it does an independent analysis on
each side to reach an uncertainty value.
There is also
a check block for a Single Air Control Modulator that would use the air
pressure on the locking wheel for both chambers. A second check box is available in the event the Modulator is
cross-wired and is using the higher air pressure of the non-locking wheel.
The generation
V module is capable of changing many of the initial inputs during the course of
the run including the left and right side surface frictions, grade, air
pressure, and sensor condition using a distance domain matrix. This capability allows the simulation of
acceleration, deceleration and constant velocity at varying distances during
the run.
Entry into Module:
This module of the program is normally entered by clicking
on the REC-TEC block in the upper left of the REC-TEC Window
causing the drop-down menu to appear.
Place the cursor on the Heavy Truck block and click on DISC/S-CAM
Air Brake on the sub-menu to initiate this module.
Under certain circumstances, the user may choose to use the
Files block instead of the drop-down menu approach. Selecting any file with a .TRK
extension in the Dialog box accessed from either the Open Single File
or Open Multiple Files block opens this module.
Selecting AutoLoad [ON] from either the Setup
Menu or the AutoLoad Icon on the upper right side (third line) of
the REC-TEC Window automatically loads the two-vehicle scenario that was
on the screen when the module was closed, either individually, or when the
program was closed. With AutoLoad
[OFF] on the main REC-TEC Window, modules will start
without loading a file. Use AutoLoad
[OFF] and manually load the file if only one vehicle is involved.
Data Entry:
This module contains the following data entry blocks:
S-Cam/Disc Air Brake
·
Surface Friction – Measured
·
C/TTD – Car Truck Tire Differential – adjustment to Surface
Friction
·
Grade (Test) – Grade at Friction Test Area – used to correct to level if
Surface Friction not measured at Actual site
·
Grade (Actual) – Grade at Area under scrutiny (Scene)
Compute for:
·
Initial Speed – Solves for Initial Speed using input value for Distance
(Iteration)
·
Distance – Solves for Distance using input value for Initial Speed
Compute for Distance/Initial Speed – Command Button to initiate computations
·
Final Speed – Final Speed of Vehicle in this run (multiple runs
possible)
·
Steer Axles – Number of Steer Axles
·
Drive Axles – Number of Drive Axles
·
Trailer Axles – Number of Trailer Axles
·
Temp – Temperature of brakes at Start of (first) run (See
Temperature note infra)
·
Air Press – Air Pressure / User may elect to use 100(%) here and use
actual Chamber Air Pressure for individual Wheels
·
Radio Button (#) = Air Pressure Value | Radio Button (%) = Air Pressure
Percent
·
ABS Press (A) – ABS Air
Pressure Adjustment – Subtracts (#)
or Reduces (%) Input Value from Minimum Value Required to Lock
·
CS (Cold Stroke) – Changes Display to show Cold Stroke Pushrod Force at the
Static Start Temperature
·
DS (Dynamic Stroke) – Changes Display to include Initial Dynamic Increment to
Cold Stroke Pushrod Force at the Static Start Temperature
The following information list
pertains to each axle end in the configuration:
·
A/S – Axle Number / Side (Left/Right)
·
Type – Chamber Type – Enter directly or select from Chamber
Type (below)
·
ABS % – Enter ABS% of Conventional Brake based on type/Cyclic
rate
·
Lift – Enter horizontal distance the power shaft travels in one
complete revolution for Air Disc if not default
·
Psi(E) – Enter as Percent (%) or Actual Pressure at
Chamber. Dependent on entry for Air
Press – this is opposite of Air Press entry. Entering a zero (0) or blanking out
the entry turns the brake inoperable and it becomes freewheeling unless it is
locked.
·
MaxP – Enter Maximum Pressure available for this
chamber. This Maximum Pressure
is used in calculating Automatic ABS values.
·
Slk L – Length of Slack Adjuster (measured)
·
f(L) – Friction value of Brake Pad
·
PRc – Pushrod Stroke (Cold - measured)
·
P Force – Shows either the Cold Stroke Force at the Initial Static
Temperature or the Stroke incremented for the Initial Dynamic Increment. (User
Selectable)
·
Lock(<) – Minimum Force required to Lock Brake for Load
·
r-P/D – (Air Disc) distance from Center of Pad to Wheel Axis /
Drum Radius
·
R-rad – Rolling Radius of Wheel (measured Center to Surface)
·
Vload – Vertical Load on Axle end
Many of the above columns have “radio buttons” that will
populate all blocks in the column with the value inserted in block(1).
Check Boxes (New)
·
Final Speed
·
Time
·
Distance
Computation Increment –
Sets the Time increment between computations during run. Accuracy increases as increment is shortened
between “looks” at the status of all of the brakes in the system.
·
0.1 Seconds
·
0.01 Seconds
·
0.001 Seconds
·
0.033 Seconds (Animation
output)
Output – The output from this module is divided into several
different selectable options:
·
View Input Data – Gray Command Button at bottom of main screen limits
display to the input variables as entered
·
Compute for
Distance/Initial Speed – Green Command
Button in leftmost frame initiates computations and displays Final Status of
all brakes. The small vertical bar to
the right of the Compute button will run the computations without engaging the
Matrix data.
·
Wheel – Axle Number / Side (Left/Right)
·
Type – Chamber Type
·
Psi(E) – Percent (%) or Actual Pressure at
Chamber. Dependent on entry for Air
Press – this is opposite of Air Press entry.
·
Sl/Lm – Length of Slack Adjuster (measured) or Air Disk (Lever
Measured)
·
Lift – horizontal distance the power shaft travels in one
complete revolution for Air Disc (Power Shaft) if not default (2.125)
·
f(L) – Friction value of Brake Pad
·
PRc – Pushrod Stroke (Cold - measured)
·
T(I) – Temperature Increase
·
PRh – Pushrod Stroke (Hot)
·
D(I) – Dynamic Increase
·
PRd – Pushrod Stroke (Dynamic)
·
Force – Pushrod Force
·
r-P/D – (Air Disc) distance from Center of Pad to Wheel Axis /
Drum Radius
·
R-rad – Rolling Radius of Wheel (measured Center to Surface)
·
Vload – Vertical Load on Axle end
·
%Tot – Percent of Total
·
Avl BF – Available Brake Force corrected for grade
·
Att BF – Attempted Brake Force corrected for grade
·
BForce – Brake Force corrected for grade
·
Eff – Efficiency corrected for grade
·
%Brk – Braking(%) corrected for grade
·
S – Status: (L)ocked;
(I)noperative; (F)ailed; (Ok) Working not Locked
· Note: Temperature
(Start) – After testing and consultation with Ron Heusser, the following
program settings are currently used within the program for determining the
temperature increment during the course of the brake application. These settings allow the user to disable the
temperature incrementing by setting a starting temperature below 70 degrees.
o At temperatures below 70 degrees, the
temperature increment is disabled
o At temperatures between 70 and 300 degrees, the increment is
linear
o At temperatures above 300 degrees, the increase becomes
non-linear and follows the formulae in the SAE paper #910126.
·
View Text File – An output file is created for the time increment showing
Time, Velocity, Distance and Braking (% based on 1). This output file is space-delimited and can be called into Excel®
or used by animators.
·
Simulation – Engages a Graphical Display of Brake Status and
Deceleration Curve for Vehicle with Time (top) and Distance (bottom) scales.
The display also contains running digital information on speeds, times and
distances, which are stopped at the point of failure or at final values. The values are updated for the computation
time increments selected. [Esc]
to Exit. The small vertical bar to the
right of the Simulation button will run the simulation without engaging the
Matrix data.
·
Matrix Inputs – Calls up a distance-domain based matrix allowing 15
separate interrupts during the simulation for changing the Surface Friction,
Grade (Actual), Pressure (A), disabling the individual brakes by zeroing the
air pressure in any chamber as well as disabling any of the individual ABS
sensors. Setting the friction (and
grade) to zero, allowing the vehicle to maintain a constant velocity. A negative value for friction (or grade)
will accelerate the vehicle. In addition the user can now lock any of the
brakes or can engage the Spring Brake at a selected wheel. Engaging a Spring Brake allows the user to
set the Equivalent Air Pressure for the individual Spring Brake (usually the
air pressure required to disengage the Spring Brake). These capabilities will allow the simulation to mimic most
three-dimensional trajectories. Placing
the cursor on the Wheel Designation next to a disabled checkbox for a
particular mode will give information on the Interrupt Distance and, in the
case of a Spring Brake, will display the Equivalent Air Pressure.
·
Matrix Maneuvers – The Matrix provides the user with the ability to “coast”
with either a user selectable deceleration, or with no deceleration by
modifying the drag factor (Mu) value at any distance interrupt during the
run. Using a Mu value greater than zero
(0) will cause the vehicle to decelerate provided at least one of the brakes is
decelerating enough to overcome any downhill grade. A zero (0) value will cause speed changes dependent on grade
only.
The Matrix will also allow any activated Spring Brakes to
control the deceleration of the vehicle if no other braking is engaged. In order to set this up, the Mu should be set
to the proper value and at least one of the Spring Brakes must be engaged. The user may then select an Air Pressure
[Air(P)] value of zero (0) at the
appropriate interrupt. Multiple
interrupts may be set to zero(0) with changes made to different settings at the
different interrupt points to simulate the conditions of the maneuver in
question. The user is advised to
meticulously check all changes to insure that they are not antagonistic or
self-canceling. The program uses an
elaborate hierarchy to prioritize the settings. Care should be exercised to insure that the answers generated are
consistent with what could be reasonably expected to occur during the
maneuver. Exotic/multiple failures
should be given wide ranges absent collateral proof of the accuracy of the
computations.
·
Matrix Color Legend – Left side wheels are Green and Right side wheels are
Red. Wheels color-coded Blue are
modified in the Matrix for the particular Mode (PSI, Sen, Lock, or S-Brk)
selected by the User. Wheels
color-coded Black are set that way on the main interface.
Color Legend:
·
Yellow = Locked
·
Purple = Spring Brake only
·
Green = Operable – not locked
·
Red = Failed
·
Orange = Braking not able to overcome grade
·
Pink = Inoperable
·
Dark Blue = ABS Air Disk (sensor)
·
Light Blue = ABS Air Disc (no sensor or slaved)
·
Dark Gray = ABS S-Cam (sensor)
·
Light Gray = ABS S-Cam (no sensor or slaved)
Options:
Several Command Buttons appear in a frame located at
the lower right corner of the module Window.
The Command Buttons allow the user to engage options including
the option to Open and Save the data (for Vehicle 1 and Vehicle
2) required to generate the scenario shown on the screen at the time the
file was saved.
·
Open .TRK File – Calls up a Dialog box, which Opens any
pre-existing .TRK file and displays the output results.
·
Save .TRK File – Calls up a Dialog box, which Saves data on
the screen to files with any user-selectable filenames. This is independent of the automatic saving
as “LastFile.TRK” of the data at the close of this module or the close
of the program.
·
Force Chart – Shows the current Force Chart values (Identical to the
imbedded values in the program), which have been reviewed and updated by Ron
Heusser. These are not the same values
as used in his SAE paper #910126 “Heavy Truck Deceleration Rates as a Function
of Brake Adjustment” Ronald B. Heusser, NTSB.
This module is based on the principles set forth in that paper with all
modifications requested or approved by Ron Heusser including the upgrade to the
2008 values and the 2008 modifications to the brake force formulae.
·
Segmented Run (Next) – Running the program with a non-zero Final Speed
or a Time or Distance that results in a non-zero Final Speed,
enables this Command Button.
Selecting Segmented Run brings up a Dialog box for saving the
current scenario as a uniquely named file.
The module then reconfigures for the next Segment of the run. This process will continue until a Final Speed
of zero (0) is reached. At the
completion of the run to a Final Speed of zero (0), the user must manually save
the last segment.
·
N – This button toggles a graphical number pad on the screen
that can be used to enter data into the input boxes without using your keyboard
number pad. This may be useful for
presentations as data entry can be accomplished using a wired/wireless mouse.
·
FD Analysis – Calls up a frame that permits the user to input the
minimum and maximum values for selected input variables. The resulting analysis computes the
uncertainty level for the specified range of the input variables.
For a more in-depth description of Finite Difference
Analysis, see the Finite Difference Analysis Section of this Manual – Press
[F2] from any Active module of the program.